I think someone else said the same, so those don’t appear to be an option.

Visa appears to be the most common in the UK as far as I have seen. It is disappointing, but I guess it works for the banks etc kinda like the national grid for electricity.

I looked a little into open banking and Money Savings Expert say "Technically, banks share your information securely via technology called application programming interfaces (APIs). APIs simply allow two providers to ‘talk’ to each other and pass the information you’ve given permission to share, such as your bank balance and regular payments. " which doesn’t sound like Visa or others are involved to me.

There’s also https://www.openbanking.org.uk/what-is-open-banking/ which says much the same with no mention of Visa etc.

Banks do have systems to transfer money that doesn’t involve Visa etc. It looks to me like open banking uses this or is a new system.

I had a look at Stripe also, this appears to be for businesses with customer’s requiring to use debit or credit cards so that’s ruled out!

Online banks: Starling bank uses MC but Revolut doesn’t say what system they use with their cards.

There’s Skrill, an e-wallet company. You can transfer in using open banking and can pay online without a card but I suspect the number of businesses that facilitate payment from them may be low. You can get a physical or virtual card, but that uses MC.

I found reference to a number of other e-wallet compnies but you’ll have to do you’re own research from here!